As part of the assignment template, the following two lines were run before the code run in the sections below.

> library(NCStats)
> library(ggplot2)
Note:
  • The object name to the left of each assignment operator (i.e., <-) can largely be whatever you want. In the examples below, I tried to use names that made sense for the data being imported.

Loading Data from Webpage

  1. There are four variables in BrainHead.csv.
  2. The variables in Brainhead.csv are: head.size, brain.weight, gender, age.group.
  3. There are 237 individuals in BrainHead.csv.

R Code and Results

> bhobj <- read.csv("BrainHead.csv")
> str(bhobj)
'data.frame':   237 obs. of  4 variables:
 $ head.size   : int  4512 3738 4261 3777 4177 3585 3785 3559 3613 3982 ...
 $ brain.weight: int  1530 1297 1335 1282 1590 1300 1400 1255 1355 1375 ...
 $ gender      : chr  "male" "male" "male" "male" ...
 $ age.group   : chr  "20-46" "20-46" "20-46" "20-46" ...


Loading Your Own Data

Note:
  • When entering your own data into R, make sure that variables are organized by columns (so that individuals are organized by rows) and that each column has a useful name in the first/top row. Also make sure that your variable names and your data do not have any spaces in them as this can cause some issues with how the data are loaded into R. So, if your variable is the professor’s name don’t label that column as Professors Name; rather call it Prof, Professor, ProfName, Prof.Name, or something similar. Similarly, for the data don’t write Derek Ogle; rather use DerekOgle, Derek.Ogle, Derek_Ogle, Ogle, ProfessorDoctorOgleSir, or something similar.
  • Don’t use str(), peek(), or headtail() for data.frames that are very small. Just type the name of the data.frame to show all of the individuals in that data.frame.

Answers will vary by student, but one example is shown below.

R Code and Results

> famex <- read.csv("Family_Example.csv")
> famex
     name age relation
1    Will  87     Pops
2 Carolyn  82       Ma
3    Lisa  63   Sister
4     Pam  60   Sister
5  Brooke  50   Sister


Stacked Data

Note:
  • In stacked data one variable denotes to which group an individual belongs and the other variable is the variable recorded on each individual.

The data.frame is shown below.

R Code and Results

> test <- read.csv("Test_Example.csv")
> test
   section score
1    Early    68
2    Early    78
3    Early    64
4    Early    55
5    Early    82
6    Early    63
7    Early    59
8     Late    87
9     Late    92
10    Late    73
11    Late    83
12    Late    91